Exports, foreign direct investments and productivity: Are services firms different?

This paper contributes to the literature on international firm activities by providing the first evidence on the link of productivity and both exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) in services firms from Germany. Statistical tests and regression analyses indicate that the productivity pecking order found in numerous studies using data for firms from manufacturing industries-where the firms with the highest productivity engage in FDI while the least productive firms serve the home market only and the productivity of exporting firms is in between-does not exist among firms from services industries. There is evidence that firms with FDI are less productive than firms that export; this finding is in line with recent empirical results reported for software firms from India.