Biosphere Reserves as catalysts for sustainability transformations: five strategies to support place-based innovation

Place-based innovations are expected to provide transformative solutions to global wicked problems. Biosphere Reserves, as designated model regions for sustainable development and sustainability transformations, are bound to support place-based innovations. Yet, empirical scientific evidence about innovation in Biosphere Reserves is rare so far. Hence, we review recent findings on innovations, grassroots, and transitions in Biosphere Reserves. We highlight five pathways in which place-based innovations develop in or with Biosphere Reserves. Following, we propose five strategies for Biosphere Reserves to purposefully support place-based innovations. Finally, we argue that Biosphere Reserves research should focus on transformation governance, and we call for support from policy and from the World Network to support innovation and enhance cross-boundary learning.